28 June 2012

Chicago School


Definition: The Chicago School of urban ecology is in reality an approach to the sociology of cities.  The Chicago School grew out of the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago in the first two decades of the 20th century.  It adopted its major ideas from biological ecology of the time, for which the University of Chicago and its downstate neighbor, the University of Illinois, were major seedbeds.  The growth of the city and the spatial patterns that resulted were interpreted as a kind of ecological succession, with waves of immigrant groups replacing one another, and establishing rings of structure around the central business district.  Competition among human communities was assumed to be a major driver of spatial differentiation across the city.

Example:



 
Figure 1.  An idealized, simple model of urban social structure based on the situation in Chicago, Illinois, in the early 20th century.  The loop is the local term for the central business district.  The shoreline of Lake Michigan is the wavy line running near the middle of the bullseye.  To the right of that line is the generalization of zonation derived from the idealized empirical experience in Chicago, shown on the left.  This model, though important for the establishment of ecological approaches to cities, has been found lacking by later generations of researchers.






Why important: The principals of the Chicago School were confronted by a city that was doubling in population and bringing people from overseas and the American South together in high density and novel mixture.  The Chicago professors were troubled by the abandonment of traditional or rural social norms with immigration, and with the social pathology they associated with urban life.  The spatial approach they founded acknowledges the importance of spatial patchiness in urban systems, but it was criticized for being too focused on group activities and not enough on individual behaviors.  While the Chicago School is labeled one of urban ecology, the ecological study of the city in the sense of biogeophysical science was not a part of the Chicago School.  Contemporary critiques of the ecology behind the Chicago School do not always recognize the difference between the biophysical ecology of the early 20th century, and the conceptual and empirical developments of that field that have emerged in the last several decades.

For more information:
  • Vasishth, A.S.H.W. and D.C. Sloane. 2002. Returning to ecology: an ecosystem approach to understanding the city. Pages 347-366 in M.J. Dear, editor. From Chicago to L.A.: making sense of urban theory. Sage Publishers, Thousand Oaks.
  • Gottdiener, M. and R. Hutchison. 2000. The new urban sociology. 2nd edition. McGraw Hill, New York.
  • Park, R.E. and E.W. Burgess. 1925. The city: suggestions for investigation of human behavior in the urban environment. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

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  38. I am super excited today, all thanks Lapo Micro Finance for giving me a loan. I was deceived several times trying to get a loan until I came across Lapo Micro Finance who provided me with a loan worth $ 23,000 to care for my sick child. If you need a real lender today contact Lapo .Contact email: lapofunding960@gmail.com
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  40. I recently needed a private investigator or a hacker to help me pull one or two strings for the successful completion of my goal. Over the years I have came in contact with different types of scammers and users until I almost gave up then I heard of the name WHITEHATS- To my greatest surprise it came out that the WHITECOLLARS are all I have been searching for many years. Contact them for any hacking services for ease and fast delivery of any operation that involves a computer, other services like Phone Spy, Phone hack, Phone tracking, Credit boost up with all credit bureaus, Credit card top up, Bank Loading and many more. Mail- WhitehatspytechATcyberservicesDOTcom or WhitehatstechAtgmailDotcom, YOU WILL BE SURE TO THANK ME LATER

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  42. I was searching for loan to sort out my bills& debts, then i saw comments about Blank ATM Credit Card that can be hacked to withdraw money from any ATM machines around you . I doubted thus but decided to give it a try they responded with their guidelines on how the card works. I was assured that the card can withdraw $500 instant per day & was credited with $50,000.00 so i requested for one & paid the delivery fee to obtain the card, after 3 working days , i was shock to see the UPS agent in my resident with a parcel{card} i signed and went back inside and confirmed the card work's after the agent left. This is no doubts because i have the card & has made used of the card. This hackers are china based hackers set out to help people with financial freedom!! Contact these email if you wants to get rich with this Via: blankatm012@gmail.com

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  44. contact : Telegram: https://t.me/WizardGhosthacker Yes it is possible to retrieve your stolen bitcoins. I never believed in bitcoin recovery because I was made to understand that it is not possible. But sometime in February I fell for a binary options scam which promised a higher return and I lost close to $55,000. I read an article on here (reddit) as regards to a recovery expert and genius so I reached out to GHOSTCHAMPIONWIZARD, and share my problem with him how a fake binary scammer have made me lose money to my surprise he was so nice and explained to me what we should do and i thought he was just given me hope like other fake hacker but rather he was serious with the services of recovering my funds from this binary but to the best he did all thing possible and I got all bitcoins recovered within 42hours frame. I don’t know if I’m allowed to share the links here but you can contact him if you are finding it very difficult to withdraw your funds from all this crypto investment scheme to recover your funds and your lost Btc or crypto currency . CONTACT them on their website for quick reply : https://championhacker0.wixsite.com , Email : GHOSTCHAMPIONWIZARD@GMAIL.COM

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